The World's Billionaires 2008

by Luisa Kroll

The number 13 has long been considered unlucky by superstitious people around the globe. How fitting, then, that Bill Gates' reign as the world's richest person ends after his 13th year at the top.

Despite being worth $58 billion, $2 billion more than last year, Gates is now just the world's third-richest person, ceding the top spot ranking to his good friend and partner in philanthropy, Warren Buffett, whose net worth jumped $10 billion to $62 billion. (All stock prices and net worth valuations were locked in on Feb. 11.) Ranked No. 2 is Mexican telecom tycoon Carlos Slim Helú, whose fortune has doubled in just two years to $60 billion.

It is certainly a dawning of a new era. But not just because of Gates' fall. The 22nd annual rankings of the World's Billionaires reflects all sorts of upheavals in the list's makeup. Two years ago, half of the world's 20 richest were from the U.S. Now only four are. India wins bragging rights for having four among the top 10, more than any other country.

For the first time ever, the number of billionaires Forbes could identify crossed into four figures, reaching 1,125. The total net worth of the group is $4.4 trillion, up $900 billion from last year. Despite the turbulence in the U.S. markets, Americans account for 42% of the world's billionaires and 37%, of the total wealth; those shares are down two and three percentage points, respectively, from last year.

Sixteen years after the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia, with 87 billionaires, is the new No. 2 country behind the U.S., easily overtaking Germany, with 59 billionaires, which held the honor for six years.

The rankings include 226 newcomers. Seventy-seven of the new faces come from the U.S., half of whom made their fortunes in finance and investments, including John Paulson and Philip Falcone, both of whom became wealthy shorting subprime debt. Another third of the new billionaires comes from Russia (35), China (28) and India (19). Two of the most noteworthy new entrants are South Africa's Patrice Motsepe and Nigeria's Aliko Dangote, the first black Africans to make their debut among the world's richest. Dangote is also the first-ever Nigerian billionaire.
It is also a record-breaking year for young billionaires, with Forbes finding 50 under the age of 40, 25 of whom are new to the list. Sixty-eight percent of these under-age-40 tycoons built their 10-figure fortunes from scratch, including Google co-founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page; former Enron trader John Arnold, who now runs a hedge fund; India's Sameer Gehlaut, who started online brokerage Indiabulls; and, last but not least, Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg, who at age 23 might just be the youngest self-made billionaire in history.

Zuckerberg is probably destined to be the most talked about newcomer of the year because of his age and ingenious social-networking site, but there are fascinating entrepreneurs of all ages climbing into the ranks. Some of the more notable ones include China's Gao Dekang, who is one of the world's biggest makers of down jackets and vests; Portugal's Americo Amorim, who turned his grandfather's small cork operation into the world's largest; and Brazil's Eike Batista, who built and lost a gold mining fortune, before hitting it big in iron ore. He is now the world's richest mining billionaire.

With all the rosy news of the past year and the overall gains, it is easy to lose sight of the volatility that has been wreaking havoc on these fortunes on a daily basis for months. For instance, Hong Kong's richest person, Li Ka-shing, lost $5.5 billion of his net worth, all tied to publicly held stocks, in the 37 days between Jan. 4 and Feb. 11.

Meanwhile, mainland China's richest person, 26-year-old Yang Huiyan, fell from $17.3 billion in September to $7.4 billion in the rankings. Google co-founder Sergey Brin's fortune touched $25.5 billion in the past year but is now down to $18.7 billion. Others were hit much harder, falling off the list entirely, including Lehman Brothers chief Richard Fuld and Bear Stearns ex-chief James Cayne (he was sacked), both victims of the world's credit crunch, and Pulte Homes' William Pulte, whose stock collapsed along with the housing market.

What will happen in the next 12 months as we continue our wealth watching? There will likely be some big losers, some big winners and a lot of ups and downs in between. The only certainty is change itself.

Warren Buffett declares America in recession

Suzy Jagger and Dearbail Jordan

Warren Buffett, the billionaire investor, today declared that the United States was in a recession as he withdrew an offer to bail out the increasingly troubled bond insurance industry.

Mr Buffett, the world's third-richest man, said that "from a commonsense standpoint right now we're in recession", despite the fact America had yet to report two consecutive quarterly falls in gross domestic product, the technical definition of a downturn.

He conceded that the economic environment was "nothing like '73 or '74", when the US was in recession and inflation reached 12.1 per cent, but he said that investors should not rule out the possibility of a severe downturn.

Evidence that the recession in residential construction has spread across America's entire building industry emerged today after official numbers showed a sharp slowdown in public and corporate projects.

Construction spending overall in January dropped 1.7 per cent, far worse than Wall Street's expectations of a 0.7 per cent decline. However, for the first time in two years, non-residential and public sector building - which includes new hospitals and office blocks - shrank 1.2 per cent.
The grim construction data suggests that the credit crisis which erupted last summer has hit company spending, spilling over from the financial sector across corporate America as a whole.
Manufacturing data published yesterday also showed another sharp slowdown in February with output at its lowest since April 2003.

Wall Street is expecting another half a percentage point interest rate cut this month, which would see the cost of borrowing fall to 2.5 per cent.

Meanwhile, Mr Buffett also confirmed that a deal to reinsure $800 billion (£403 billion) worth of government-issued bonds, known as municipal bonds, was "not on the table" any longer.
The bonds had been underwritten by MBIA, Ambac and Financial Guaranty Insurance and a deal would have provided a significant boost to the industry. It is feared that insurers will not have sufficient funds to pay billions of dollars worth of claims on toxic investments.

It is understood that Mr Buffett had offered to reinsure the bonds but only at a steep premium which was rejected by the three insurers. However, Mr Buffett had kept his offer on the table until today.

Last week his company, Berkshire Hathaway Investments, revealed an 18 per cent fall in fourth-quarter profit as income from insurance underwriting fell. Full-year profit rose by 20 per cent to $13.21 billion.

Berkshire Hathaway invests in 76 businesses including Tesco, the UK's largest supermarket, of which it owns 2.9 per cent.